Biotechnology is a set of methods and techniques used by genetic and physiological capabilities of living organisms to develop new products.Advances in biotechnology to integrate various disciplines such as microbiology, biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology and computer science, and generate a variety of tools to break many industries and change the environment.
Biotechnology Applications
Pharmaceutical Research (Health)
Health is the first application of biotechnology.
They bring new life to pharmaceutical research. Because many drugs are created through a better understanding of microorganisms and DNA research, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals can not get to the other.
Antibiotics
Some infectious diseases have been controlled since the 1940's by antibiotics, partly or wholly obtained by fermentation and vaccines through genetic engineering.
Chain reaction
The new diagnostic biotechnology emerged in the years 1980-1990: the art of molecular probes and chain reaction of polymerase. In a sequence combined with inherited ins, these probes may indicate the presence of a defective gene or genes of an intruder, due to an invasion of microbes in the body. Similarly, antibodies are able to accurately identify cells that do not meet (cancer) or foreign to the body, such as bacteria. Thus was born the field of rapid diagnostic kits based on the use of antibodies. In the case of pregnancy tests that detect the presence of a specific hormone of the fetus in the urine of women.
The sequencing of the human Genoni (proteomics / genomics)
Sequencing the human genome heralds a new era in pharmaceutical research. More effective drugs can now be seen as knowledge of the genome provides the ability to direct one or a few genes directly related to the disease. Proteomics is in charge of genomics to determine the role of the proteins produced by each gene.
Gene Therapy
Some conditions are associated with an abnormality or defect in the synthesis in the body of one or more molecules, as in the case of diabetes or haemophilia. It is now possible to produce large amounts of therapeutic substances similar to those produced by the body from bacteria, yeast, insect or mammalian cells genetically modified to be injected into the patient. You can also transfer the gene responsible for production of the active molecule of the missing person is in need of gene therapy.
Agriculture and Agri-Food (Plant Biotechnology)
The second important application of biotechnology in agricultural research in which there are three application areas: agriculture, food and the environment. Transgenic varieties (GMOs) was created to increase resistance to pests and diseases or to improve the nutritional quality of products. Many plant varieties are being tested, such as those held by natives secrete their own insecticides or genes that control the quality of growth and conservation. When all the genes are identified, transgenic plants may be resistant to cold, frost, drought and saline soils.
Transgenic animals (Animal Biotechnology)
Transgenic animals in which gene pools were introduced one or more foreign genes, working in research laboratories to study the mechanisms of the genesis of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diseases of bacterial or viral.
the name of science, researchers have fashioned numerous kinds of mice: fat, thin, hairless, or afflicted with a particular disease, to name a few. Now the first draft sequence of the mouse genome, published today in the journal Nature, should make the tiny rodents even more helpful for future research into a variety of diseases. The findings suggest that mice and humans have a similar number of genes (around 30,000) and that nearly 90 percent of genes associated with disease in people have counterparts in mice.
The international Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium sequenced and analyzed more than 95 percent of the genetic code of Mus musculus, which contains about 2.5 billion DNA base pairs compared to 2.9 billion in the human genome. "We share 99 percent of our genes with mice," says Jane Rogers of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Cambridge, England, "and we even have the genes that could make a tail." In fact, only about 300 genes are unique to either organism, which further supports the use of the mouse models for studying various diseases as well as testing novel treatments. The key differences lie in those areas of the genome governing immunity, detoxification, smell and sex, which makes sense considering where rodents usually live, how they find food and the number of offspring they can produce.
According to Allan Bradley, also at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, the mouse genome "is a huge asset to researchers, and its significance matches that of the human genome." Indeed, by comparing specific sections of the mouse genome to our own, scientists can garner insight not evident from examination of our genetic code alone. For example, additional findings published today in Nature by Stylianos Antoniadis of the University of Geneva Medical School and his colleagues highlight the similarity of non-protein-encoding sequences between man and mouse. By comparing human chromosome 21 to the corresponding section of the mouse genome, the team determined that 2,262 nongene DNA segments have been conserved.