Science is the system or process based on the logical values which can be judged in real value. The development of the radio is a science and also various philosophical thoughts are the science. The human civilization begins with use of science. When at the beginning human found fire from colliding the stone surface. This is the fundamental concept of the invention in the human development era. But now in 21st century, almost everything is leading with the modern science and technology. The transportation, communication, travelling, business, security, manufacturing, and more systems are high level of the scientific achievements in the world. Now human can travel thousands of kilometres in the sky. They can travel almost everywhere in the world.
The telecommunication and internet systems making the global as a single home. We can talk and also can share live video conference call from one place to another place easily. Commuters and the other programing devices can perform different types of works that is called robotics technology. So the science is the series of the development of the every aspects in respect to the time and human activity.
Inventions in the History
There are many scientific inventions that changes the world dramatically. Telephone, train, ship, motor, aeroplane, internet, electricity, computer, watch, calendar, calculator, bulb and so on. These inventions indicates the revolution of the human civilization. Some inventions can me mentioned as here.
1.Radio communication
James Clerk Maxwell showed in theoretical and mathematical form in 1864 that electromagnetic waves could propagate through free space. It is likely that the first intentional transmission of a signal by means of electromagnetic waves was performed in an experiment by David Edward Hughes around 1880, although this was considered to be induction at the time. In 1888 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was able to conclusively prove transmitted airborne electromagnetic waves in an experiment confirming Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism.
After the discovery of these many scientists and inventors experimented with wireless transmission, some trying to develop a system of communication, some not, some intentionally using these new Hertzman waves, some not. Maxwell's theory showing that light and Hertzman electromagnetic waves were the same phenomenon at different wavelengths led "Maxwellan" scientist such as John Perry, Frederick Thomas Trouton and Alexander Trotter to assume they would be analogous to optical signaling and the Serbian American engineer Nikola Tesla to consider them relatively useless for communication since "light" could not transmit further than line of sight. In 1892 the physicist William Crookes wrote on the possibilities of wireless telegraphy based on Hertzian waves and in 1893.
Over several years starting in 1894 the Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi built the first complete, commercially successful wireless telegraphy system based on airborne Hertzian waves (radio transmission). Marconi demonstrated application of radio in military and marine communications and started a company for the development and propagation of radio communication services and equipment.
Tesla proposed a system for transmitting intelligence and wireless power using the earth as the medium. Others, such as Amos Dolbear, Sir Oliver Lodge, Reginald Fessenden, and Alexander Popov were involved in the development of components and theory involved with the transmission and reception of airborne electromagnetic waves for their own theoretical work or as a potential means of communication.
The telephone is an instrument used to transmit and receive sounds, most commonly the human voice. The word telephone comes from the Greek words tele meaning far and phone meaning voice. The telephone works by converting sound waves into electrical signals and by converting electrical signals into sound waves. The history of the telephone is controversial because although many inventors were involved in performing pioneering experiments in voice transmission over a wire, only Alexander Graham Bell obtained a patent for the telephone in March 1876. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone)
Alexander Graham Bell who was born in Scotland worked as a professor of vocal physiology at Boston University in Boston, Massachusetts. As a professor, he trained teachers in how to teach the deaf mutes how to speak and he performed research with speech and electricity. The first bi-directional transmission of speech was made by Bell to his assistant on March 10, 1876, which was followed by the first long distance phone call which was made by Bell to his assistant on August 10, 1876. Then, Bell created a primitive telephone and a patent was obtained for it on January 30, 1877. This telephone transmitted weak sounds and one needed to place one’s ear close to the earphone to be able to hear. Bell went on to produce commercial telephones, made many improvements to them, and laid the ground work for the development of the telephone industry
3.Television
Electronic television was first successfully demonstrated in San Francisco on Sept. 7, 1927. The system was designed by Philo Taylor Farnsworth, a 21-year-old inventor who had lived in a house without electricity until he was 14. While still in high school, Farnsworth had begun to conceive of a system that could capture moving images in a form that could be coded onto radio waves and then transformed back into a picture on a screen. Boris Rousing in Russia had conducted some crude experiments in transmitting images 16 years before Farnsworth's first success. Also, a mechanical television system, which scanned images using a rotating disk with holes arranged in a spiral pattern, had been demonstrated by John Logie Baird in England and Charles Francis Jenkins in the United States earlier in the 1920s. However, Farnsworth's invention, which scanned images with a beam of electrons, is the direct ancestor of modern television. The first image he transmitted on it was a simple line.
Few inventions have had as much effect on contemporary American society as television. Before 1947 the number of U.S. homes with television sets could be measured in the thousands. By the late 1990s, 98 percent of U.S. homes had at least one television set, and those sets were on for an average of more than seven hours a day. The typical American spends (depending on the survey and the time of year) from two-and-a-half to almost five hours a day watching television. It is significant not only that this time is being spent with television but that it is not being spent engaging in other activities, such as reading or going out or socializing.
4.Electricity
The story of electricity is more of a discovery than an invention. Thunderbolt and lightening have been observed and mentioned by humans since ages. However, exploitable form of electricity, which the world is using in the recent years, is output of ample number of experiments on electricity initiated right from the 600 BC. Thales of Miletus was the first scientist to recognize the existence of electric power in the nature. Thales has first found the seeds of static electricity, by proposing a theory that, rubbing a fur would make a couple of objects attract one another. Thales was the first to produce the electric sparks, by rubbing the amber. The word “electricity” came into existence, in the year 1600, by the scientist William Gilbert. In the year 1660, Otto von Guericke invented electro static generator that generates static electricity. The inventions made by the Guericke, derived a number of properties of electricity, in which the major are: The electricity can pass through a vacuum, in the context of electricity the materials are divided into insulators and conductors. Another scientist Robert Boyle had experimentally observed the electric forces of attraction and repulsion transmitted through vacuum, in the year 1675.
The 17th century is the most crucial era, in the history of electricity invention. In the year 1729, Stephen Gray’s, offered a novel dimension to the initiative of electricity, by discovering conduction of electricity. In the year 1733 Charles Francois du Fay discovered that the forms of electricity can either be resinous (-)or vitreous (+), later on the scientist Benjamin Franklin and Ebenezer Kinnersley, had named the forms of electricity as negative or positive. The discovery of Electromagnetic Induction, made it clear that how electric currents work. In the field of electromagnetism, the role of Michael Faraday was very significant; he discovered that passing a magnet within a wire coil might produce electricity. Michael Faraday, invented the first electric motor, later he built the generator and a transformer. In the period of 1745- 1747, Pieter van Musschenbroek initially discovered a Leyden jar that could store the static electricity and a discharged at once. The scientist William Watson demonstrated how a Leyden jar could be discharged through a circuit. Benjamin Franklin, On June 15, 1752, discovered that the lightning was electrical; this was proved by conducting an experiment of flying a kite during lightning. Henry Cavendish, in 1747, had listed the various materials that are conductive to electricity. Conductivity is the capability of the substance to hold the electricity. Volta exposed that chemical reactions might be used to produce cathodes and anodes. The variations of electric potentials among the cathode and anode might direct to the stream of a current among them. The invention of electric bulb by Thomas Edison, was the major mile stone in the harnessing of electricity.
In the 20th century, the final draft of the electricity was introduced to the people around the world. During the period of 20th century, the discovery of energy distribution and the telegraph was took place. The inventions made by various scientist and inventor of electricity, such as Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla, George Westinghouse and Samuel Morse, changed the world with their inventions such as motors and electric bulb. In this period there was a small argument between the Edison and Westinghouse, the Edison suggested to use direct current (DC), whereas Westinghouse chosen the alternating current (AC). In the current years both the AC and DC are being used.
5. Computer
The word "computer" was first recorded as being used in 1613 and originally was used to describe a human who performed calculations or computations. The definition of a computer remained the same until the end of the 19th century, when the industrial revolution gave rise to machines whose primary purpose was calculating.
In 1822, Charles Babbage conceptualized and began developing the Difference Engine, considered to be the first automatic computing machine. The Difference Engine was capable of computing several sets of numbers and making hard copies of the results. Babbage received some help with development of the Difference Engine from Ada Lovelace, considered by many to be the first computer programmer for her work and notes on the Difference Engine. Unfortunately, because of funding, Babbage was never able to complete a full-scale functional version of this machine. In June of 1991, the London Science Museum completed the Difference Engine No 2 for the bicentennial year of Babbage's birth and later completed the printing mechanism in 2000.
In 1837, Charles Babbage proposed the first general mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine contained an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), basic flow control, and integrated memory and is the first general-purpose computer concept. Unfortunately, because of funding issues, this computer was also never built while Charles Babbage was alive. In 1910, Henry Babbage, Charles Babbage's youngest son, was able to complete a portion of this machine and was able to perform basic calculations.
6. Internet
The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure.
Packet switching networks such as ARPANET, NPL network, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols. Donald Davies was the first to put theory into practice by designing a packet-switched network at the National Physics Laboratory in the UK, the first of its kind in the world and the cornerstone for UK research for almost two decades.Following, ARPANET further led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks.
Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) was introduced as the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the very late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990.
Limited private connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities by late 1989 and 1990,and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.In the 1980s, the work of Tim Berners-Lee in the United Kingdom, on the World Wide Web, theorised the fact that protocols link hypertext documents into a working system, marking the beginning of the modern Internet. Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites.